Incircuit Serial Programmer (ISP)

First the default, non ISP, way

This is the normal, non ISP, method via the USB cable connected between the PC and the USB-B connector on the Arduino UNO

Connect the USB cable between the computer and the USB-B connector on the Arduino UNO
In the Arduino IDE set Tools | Programmer: to USBasp. Other choices might also work
Check if the right port is selected. Tools | Port should be set to /dev/ttyACMx Where x is a single digit, mostly 0. Normally the port is automatically detected when an UNO with ATmega328p is connected

In circuit programming

Warning: Programming with an ISP removes the bootloader

Warning: Make sure only one 5V is active: the one from the programmer or the one from the target (Arduino UNO)

Warning: Programming an ATmega 328p on an Arduino UNO or in a dedicated system via ISP is done via
Sketch | Program Using Programmer CTRL+SHIFT+U

10 pin to 6 pin cable and signal levels

Signal levels are with an ATmega 328p with bootloader and a blink program with serial output in the UNO
Tested with our #1 device (unbranded)

10 pin	color	Function	6 pin	Switched off	Switched on	After programming	Remark
1	brown	MOSI	4	LOW		Tri-state
2	red	VCC	2
3	orange	n.c.	n.c.
4	yellow	GND	n.c.
5	green	Reset	5	LOW		HIGH (3,8V)
6	blue	GND	n.c.
7	purple	SCK	3	LOW	Runs with 0.5 Hz	Runs with 0.5 Hz	Runs all the time. After burning the bootloader switches to Tri-state
8	gray	GND	n.c.
9	white	MISO	1	Tri-state		Tri-state
10	black	GND	6

So the 6 pin order is: white, red, purple, brown, green, black
Pin 5 of the ISP header is the pin which is the closest to pin 1 of the ATmega328p

With the dedicated ISP

How to use an ISP (Incircuit Serial Programmer):

Choose: Tools | Board: Arduino UNO (if you are using an ATmega 328p)
A port setting ( Tools | Port ) is not needed
Choose: Tools | Programmer: | usbasp
Turn ofF the power of the circuit. Turn on the power of the ISP
Program with: Sketch | Program Using Programmer CTRL+SHIFT+U
You can ignore: avrdude: warning: cannot set sck period. please check for usbasp firmware update.

Errors

General solution:
Probably you used Sketch | Upload CTRL+U in stead of Sketch | Upload Using Programmer CTRL+SHIFT+U to upload the sketch

Some related error messages

Problem uploading to board.  See http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting#upload for suggestions.

avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00

Voti ISP errors

avrdude: ser_open(): can't open device "/dev/ttyACM0": No such file or directory
ioctl("TIOCMGET"): Inappropriate ioctl for device

avrdude: ser_open(): can't open device "/dev/ttyACM0": No such file or directory
ioctl("TIOCMGET"): Inappropriate ioctl for device
Problem uploading to board.  See http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting#upload for suggestions.

avrdude: Warning: cannot open USB device: Permission denied
avrdude: error: could not find USB device with vid=0x16c0 pid=0x5dc vendor='www.fischl.de' product='USBasp'

When logged in as root

avrdude: warning: cannot set sck period. please check for usbasp firmware update.

avrdude: ser_open(): can't open device "/dev/ttyACM0": No such file or directory
ioctl("TIOCMGET"): Inappropriate ioctl for device
Problem uploading to board.  See http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting#upload for suggestions

vid pid error

The vid and pid should be 16c0 and 05dc When you get

An error occurred while uploading the sketch
       Using Port                    : usb
       Using Programmer              : usbasp
avrdude: error: could not find USB device with vid=0x16c0 pid=0x5dc vendor='www.fischl.de' product='USBasp'

check,as root, with lsusb, what the vid and pid of the device are. We found values being:

vid	pid	Description	Remark
03eb	c8b4	Atmel Corp.	USB ISP. This can be used for the 8051
16c0	05dc	Van Ooijen Technische Informatica shared ID for use with libusb	USBasp. This is what you need for Arduino / ATmega328p
1781	0c9f	Deek-Robot DK-USBtinvisp v2.0

These are for an other device and might work with ProgISP what is only available for Windows

Arduino as ISP

Using an Arduino as an AVR ISP (In-System Programmer)
Turn Your Arduino Into an ISP with instructions to programming AVR's without bootloaders and program bootloaders
USBasp v2.0 warning cannot set sck period

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